Annotated Bibliography Essay Example for Free

Annotated Bibliography Essay An Annotated Bibliography: Stereotypes in Advertising August, Eugene R. Real Men Dont: Anti-Male Bias in the English Language. The University of Dayton Review Spring (1986): 336-347. Web. In Real Men Dont: Anti-Male Bias in the English Language, Eugene August states that men have been victims of negative bias equally if not more than women through gender restrictive language, which limits the roles men have, gender exclusive language, which excludes men from any type of consideration, and negative male stereotypes. Throughout the article August gives examples of ways in which males ave been forced to fit a certain role and if deviated from, they would be criticized and ultimately excluded from that party they were formerly attached to as an example of gender restrictive language. I agree with August in his arguments, but I would be a little more generous when finding victims on this subject. Women have been made victims Just as long, if not longer than men have. I feel as if the male community is lashing out against the women, almost I a way on giving then a taste of their own medicine. Yet in reality I shouldnt be structured as a war of the sexes, but ather an attempt on the part of all sexes, to acknowledge and condemn gender stereotypes. Berger, John. Ways of Seeing. 1972. London, Penguin, 1990. In the book, Ways of Seeing Ch. 7, John Berger tells us that the role of publicity has evolved from oil paintings. Publicity images draw on the visual language of oil paintings, but their purpose is to manufacture glamour. This is due to the fact that the spectator-buyer is always changing, publicity aims to sell us something, and in order to do this it must make the spectator-buyer appear incomplete to his or herself. It must make us think we are in need of something more. The more, is a dream that is created from the spectator-buyer, using the mystique and lure from what publicity has given them of how they can become more derisible, by imposing a false standard of what and what is not desirable. I have a similar opinion to that of Berger. I feel that publicity is not natural, but the product of a culture that defines an individual by what they possess. This idea of identity has been prostituted to a culture that tells an individual that they are no one if they do not buy the life publicized. The interesting point that Berger makes is that publicity never paints the full picture for the consumer. It only provides the tools and a canvas for which to paint. Publicity allows the spectator-buyer, to paint for his or herself of what he or she could be. It is not obscence to suggest that this has become the lifeblood of our publicity promise of transformation. Fowles, Jib. Advertisings 15 Basic Appeals. Mass Advertising as Social Forecast. Santa Barbara: Praeger, 1976. (16-27). Print. In the article, advertisings 15 Basic Appeals written by Jib Fowles, we learn that dvertisements make an attempt to reach out to one or more of our 15 basic emotions as outlined by Fowles. These are the fifteen basic emotional appeals that we as humans need, and if crafted correctly, might result in us engaging in the advertised product. As we learn of these essential needs, we learn that advertisements are not so thoughtless as we may have previously assumed. We learn that it is an art. The emotional appeals made in these advertisements act as the thin end on a wedge, when driven in to our conscious it then allows for the true message o flow in without almost any defense, thus accomplishing its purpose. I completely agree with the claim that Fowles made in his article. Advertisers seek to highlight and ultimately tap into our emotions to use them to persuade us into using the given product. One such emotion that is highlighted is the need for affiliation. Despite the fact that recent statistics have shown that people are doing things on their own more than ever before, the majority of advertisements are linked to this basic and fundamental emotion. This is because, Just as we as a people have an inner desire to chieve things on our own, we also need Just as much if not more than our independence, people to share in our achievements. Fowles does a great Job in highlighting this fact as well as many others in his article based on our 15 basic emotions. Kilbourne, Jean. Bath Tissue Is Like Marriage: The Corruption of Relationships. Cant Buy My Love: How Advertising Changes the Way We Think and Feel. New York: Touchstone, 1999. (76-94). Print. In the article, Bath Tissue Is Like Marriage: The Corruption of Relationships, Jean Kilbourne speaks out about how advertisements sink into our deepest needs for love and nurturing, and transfer them onto any given product. In order to accomplish this, advertisers must be able to capture our attention with something that the consumer yearns for, and then make the underlying message about how their product will achieve this goal. We learn that the roles of an advertiser not to care about the potential buyer, but to make the consumer feel as if they are loved. When an advertisement is able to lull us into a false sense of security, then it has ccomplished its Job. Kilbourne concludes with exposing that advertising has come to the point of promising that a product can deliver that which can only be given given by Kilbourne. In her article she sates that that advertisements exist to exploit or very real and inner human desires. As we look at advertisement in any medium, we find out that until we have associated ourselves with a certain product or brand, we are not enough. Whether it be ads replacing human relationships, men dominating women, or even that one cell phone is superior to another, all tug at the need to be n top, and without these products we are found wanting. But the hang up with the promise of accomplishment from a product is that it only last as long as the ads. Every time we turn on the television or the radio, we are exposed to hundreds of ads that dissect everything that is human about us and assigns a product to it. We shall ever be found wanting in the eyes in the world, the only escape is for us to search for what truly matters and stick to it. Wall, David. It Is And It Isnt: Stereotypes, Advertising And Narrative. Journal Of Popular Culture 41. (2008): 1033-1050. Academic Search Premier. Web. 29 Sept. 2013. In the article, It Is And It Isnt: Stereotypes, Advertising And Narrative. by David Wall, is claimed that stereotypes in advertising are still being used because they are still a viable way for advertisers to move a product because of familiarity. A point that Wall makes is that consumers see through the stereotype and the false climas made by advertisers, and the advertisers know this. So what the advertiser does is then play on manipulation of the mixed emotions of desire and anxiety. The product then ecomes, by the consumers own doing, the essence of happiness, freedom, and the channel to an altered paradisiacal reality. I agree with the claims made in this article. Interestingly enough Wall makes the accusation stereotypes will tell us much more about those doing the representing than those being represented(1037). This is interesting because in the rest of the article Wall discusses the fact of stereotyping and the reasons behind it, political, historical, cultural, and so on. But he never really comes back to his very strong comment. I would go a step further with this remark nd say that not only do stereotypes in advertisements reflect what the presenters think about different situation, but what the presenter believes the viewer-consumer believes about different situations. For the viewer not to be overly effected by the stereotypes they are exposed to, they need to learn, what Wall calls the language of analysis. Which is to allow those whom are targeted to see beyond smoke and mirrors of it all and understand stereotype as a form of cultural advertisement for the self that is inseparable from the wider cultural narratives that create it(1049).

Marlow’s Narrative Voice as a Rejection of the African People Essay

In â€Å"An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness†, Chinua Achebe says that â€Å"it is the desire ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€one might indeed say the need—in Western psychology to set Africa up as a foil to Europe† (337). Indeed it is wise for Achebe to make this claim while discussing Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, a short novel that presents the relationship between Europe and Africa as an entirely one-sided narrative which denies the African people their right to personage. For a majority of the novel, Marlow’s narration of a story goes so above and beyond telling one narrative, that it works toward preventing the African people from developing a voice of their own. Edward Said, in Culture and Imperialism, provides perhaps the most efficient explanation as to how the narrative that Marlow tells in the novel works against the African people: As one critic has suggested, nations themselves are narrations. The power to narrate, or to block other narratives from forming and emerging, is very important to culture and imperialism, and constitutes one of the main connections between them. (xiii) Marlow possesses the power to narrate, and therefore the power to block the African people from possessing their own voice. Achebe is right in saying that Marlow’s depiction of Africa â€Å"projects the image of Africa as ‘the other world,’ the antithesis of Europe and therefore of civilization† (338). However, beyond preventing a narrative from happen through the telling his own, Marlow performs a narrative that works toward creating a separation between â€Å"us†, the Europeans, and â€Å"them†, the Africans (xiii). His narrative, for the benefit of European identity, denies the African people any voice at all in the affairs between the two continents. Therefore, Marl... ...tz has been aligned with by his confrontation of the darkness, the same savagery that ultimately consumes him, finds it’s only voice in his last words: â€Å"The horror! The horror!†, but regardless, Marlow cannot allow them to become a part of the final narrative. He knows better than to allow the voice of a savage, which Kurtz became through becoming so engulfed in the darkness, have a voice in his narrative. Once again, the narrative denies the Africans, even in the voice of a European man, ever from having a voice in a narrative that primarily takes place on their territory. Marlow, as a man of Europe, appears to make the decision as to whether or not tell the intended Kurtz last words, but he knows that he could not since they would be a voice of the Congo. In conclusion, Marlow’s narrative is the narrative of the European city which exploits the African colony.

Nrs-437v | Introduction to the Study of Ethics

My Moral Compass The personal values that help contribute to my worldview and philosophy of nursing that is most important, is my religion. I am a Christian and this means that I am to be Christ like in my every day life and work. I am taught to treat others as I would want to be treated and care for them as I would do for myself. I am to help the sick, wounded, poor and widowed. Nursing in its roots are very much the same thing. Helping the ones who are unable to help themself. The underlying rule for nurses is to do no harm. My spiritual vales shape who I am, what I am and what I do.If I do all things as if I were doing them to the glory of God, then I know all things would turn out right. When obeying God and his commands, my spiritual values teach me that all things work to the good of God and according to his purpose. Values are defined as the criteria to which actions, people and states of affairs are judged ( Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology 2006). Merriam-Webster defines morals as, of, or relating to principles of right and wrong behavior (Merriam-Webster). Ethics are the science of morality and also known as moral philosophy.It is defined as it seeks to discover a consistent principle by which human actions and character can be judged ( The Macmillan Encyclopedia, 2003a). The values, moral, and ethics that may effect my obligation to nursing practice are ones that are from the American Nurses Association’s code of conduct. It is my duty to follow a specific set of nursing code of ethics, which states the nurse shall in all professional relationships, practice with respect and dignity, worth and uniqueness of every individual, unrestricted by factors of socioeconomic class, personal attributes or the nature of the health problem.The primary commitment is to the patient, family, group and or community; protecting the health, safety, and the rights of the patient (American Nurses Association, Inc, 2001). My personal views, values, philosophy a nd world-view has been at times difficult in my nursing career. A couple of times we had to terminally wean patients from the ventilator support they were on, being a Christian and nurse you are to do no harm and this really plagued my values early on in my career.I was after a while to rationalize that because these patients had no quality of life and were clinically brain dead, we were not causing any harm. Then we had a patient with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). This patient was on ventilator support, unable to move his extremities, he was able to talk and make his needs known, and was able to eat. Then one day the doctors advised the patient related to the fact he was silently aspirating he was no longer going to be able to eat, and would require a feeding tube.The patient refused a feeding tube and then terminally weaned himself off the vent. It was my duty to take care of this patient on the day of the terminal wean, which was difficult for me, because I felt as though he was committing suicide and we were assisting his efforts. For me this was no different than the hospital being a Dr. Kevorkian. I do not believe in suicide and it was very difficult to maintain and preserve his wishes even though they were totally against my beliefs and values.I had to take care of him no matter what his decision was, whether right or wrong his values led him to remove his life support. During my years as working as a floor nurse I have now developed my own sense of what I feel is ethical and humane. I believe that if a patient has already been placed on ventilator support, instead of withdrawing life support, you place them on a do not resuscitate, do not treat, palliative measures only. Person’s whom are on long-term ventilator support, in most cases will develop some sort of infection, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.If you do not treat the infection and just let nature takes it’s course whether it is to have the body heal itself or if the body is overtaken in death, they can then die peacefully by letting nature take its course. Some personal thoughts on how my values, morals and ethics effect my nursing are that no matter what my beliefs and values are, when entrusted with the care of a patient, I may disagree with their values, beliefs, or ethics, however I am to treat them no different than I would someone with whom I do share the same values, beliefs or ethics with.My job is to treat everyone with the same type of respect, kindness and attention I would anyone else. I used to get a little unnerved at times when the hospital would have very important person (VIP) in the hospital and that particular patient would get preferential treatment, such as a 1:1 nurse. My education and beliefs are that no one in particular is a VIP, that all patients should be treated as if they were the president of the United States or the Queen of England. References values. (2006). In Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Psychology. Retr ieved from http://library. gcu. du:2048/login? qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. credoreference. com/entry/hodderdpsyc/values Merriam-Webster. (n. d. ). Merriam-webster dictionary. Retrieved from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/moral ethics. (2003). In The Macmillan Encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://library. gcu. edu:2048/login? qurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. credoreference. com/entry/move/ethics American Nurses Association, Ince. (2001). Code of ethics with interpretive statements. Retrieved from http://www. nursingworld. org/MainMenuCategories/EthicsStandards/CodeofEthicsforNurses/Code-of-Ethics. pdf

The Problem of Light Pollution - 1613 Words

RESEARCH PROPOSAL How can new approaches in design reduce the problem of light pollution? Research question How can new approaches in design reduce the problem of light pollution? Background In most situations, light helps us see. But when it comes to looking at the night sky, light is actually a kind of pollution. Light pollution is the pollution caused by misplaced artificial light. It is a rapidly increasing environmental problem. In the urban landscape that we live in, light pollution can have implications for the visual environment, affects human health, creates energy waste and results in undesirable economic consequences. There are a lot of advertising lights on the street. For example unordered set LED advertising†¦show more content†¦Proposal Audience My idea is to make an installation that can fit approximate 20 people in a room. I am going to fill the room up with artificial light such as advertisement light box, LED displays and street light. When the people are walking in the room, they will get a feeling that they are walking on the street at night. These artificial lights are colourful and bright. While they are walking in the room, the lights will gradually fade or suddenly switch off. A milky way and thousands of faint stars will appear on the sky. A wide and diffuse band of the Milky Way towards Scorpios can be seen, whereas normally one sees only the brighter and narrower Sagittarius band in the southern sky. Audience can easily see the nearby surroundings by nothing more than the light of the Milky Way. The Milky Way is exceptionally bright, with tremendous structure and contrast between the obscured and unobscured regions. The design research will involve at least 20 volunteers. Designer will design several probes, wh ich the volunteers will be engaged for one week. The probes will be designed to create awareness with our volunteers to gauge how they perceive and react to different lighting situations.Show MoreRelatedLight Pollution And The Problems It Creates1595 Words   |  7 PagesLight Pollution and the Problems it Creates Sci-fi Synopsis: The year is 2258, and in an effort to keep up with the increase in population and industrialization, artificial light has increased to the point where one can no longer tell the difference between night and day, since it is always daytime somewhere in the world. The public have long since forgotten about the sun and the stars. People must initiate certain protocols in their homes in order to gain the dark necessary for sleep. One nightRead MoreLight Pollution1702 Words   |  7 Pagessociety known as light pollution. Light pollution is essentially excessive light from outside lighting fixtures that is misused and causes several negative effects. This increasing and perplexing issue is often magnified by industrialization and urban development which often neglects to consider the momentous problems light pollution causes. Despite serious efforts to minimize light pollution, â€Å"†¦light pollution rises about 6% every year† (Parks 30). One should know what light polluti on entails, theRead MoreLight Pollution And Its Effects On Health1544 Words   |  7 Pages Most people have heard of air pollution, water pollution, and many kinds of pollution like them. Issues like these are covered extensively in the media and are targeted by many environmental groups. In fact, many of these issues play significant roles in political elections. Though these kinds of pollution are widely known, there is another type of pollution that receives far less attention. Few environmental groups mention it, and many members of the general public have not even heard of it. HoweverRead MoreDont Light Up My Night1738 Words   |  7 PagesDon’t Light Up My Night I remember gazing at the stars with my mom when I was a kid. She pointed out the Milky Way and a number of constellations. She told me, â€Å"there are way too many stars to count!† Now, 50 years later, when I walk outside and look up, I see only a few identifiable constellations, no Milky Way, and I would venture to say there were so few stars that if I took a little time, I could count them all. Are there really fewer stars in the heavens? Not at all. The stars are up thereRead MorePollution Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesPollution is the introduction of harmful substances or products into the environment (Pollution, 2017). Ever since we were born there has always been a problem with harmful things on our planet. Humans have tried an enormous amount of ideas trying to help the planet. Adults tell the young kids to always recycle or to help the Earth by planting a tree. Those two ideas are spread around the entire world, but there are certain things going around that are no t helping the Earth. They are called pollutantsRead More Quality of Light Affects Quality of Life Essay1508 Words   |  7 PagesQuality of Light Affects Quality of Life Light pollution affects the lives of people around the world. It comes in a variety of forms and can be a nuisance, wasteful, and harmful. It may be a street light shining in a window, a high energy bill, or the absence of stars in the sky. Light pollution is a growing problem as human populations continue to thrive, land is increasingly developed, and Earth’s precious resources are consumed. In order to reduce current levels of light pollution and to keepRead MoreThe Effects Of Light Pollution On The Outdoor Environment1103 Words   |  5 Pagesmisdirected, obstructive or unneeded artificial light. Pollution is the adding-of/added light itself, in analogy to added sound, carbon dioxide, etc. Adverse consequences are multiple; some of them may not be known yet. Scientific definitions thus include the following: †¢ Degradation of photic habitat by artificial light. †¢ Alteration of natural light levels in the outdoor environment owing to artificial light sources. †¢ Light pollution is the alteration of light levels in the outdoor environment (fromRead More14 billion. That’s how many pounds of garbage are thrown into the ocean every year. 46%. That’s the1200 Words   |  5 Pagesyou can REDUCE your impact on the earth, you must first know HOW you’re impacting the Earth. Pollution is one way to negatively impact the Earth, but what is pollution? Defined literally it is the presence or introduction of a substance that has harmful or poisonous effects. The main types of pollution are air, water, land, noise, and light. Air pollution is a serious problem. It occurs when there are harmful amounts of gases, dust, fumes, or odors in the atmosphere. The main sourceRead MoreProblems Face by Earth948 Words   |  4 Pages nitrous oxide, and methane) trap heat and light from the sun in the earth’s atmosphere, which increases the temperature. This hurts many people, animals, and plants. The greenhouse effect is when the temperature rises because the sun’s heat and light is trapped in the earth’s atmosphere. This is like when heat is trapped in a car. On a very hot day, the car gets hotter when it is out in the parking lot. This is because the heat and light from the sun can get into the car, by goingRead MoreHow To Prevent Noise Pollution1001 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Noise Pollution? Noise is essentially unwanted information or sharp changes in tones. Noise pollution is the act of creating noise. Noise is measured in decibels: 0 decibels is silent, 0 to 70 decibels is moderate, 70 to 80 decibels is the volume where noise can start becoming problematic. 80 to 120 decibels is considered loud noise and exposure at these levels for extended periods can cause permeant hearing loss. Therefore it is important to reduce noise pollution and your exposure to

Cell Phones And Its Effects On Individual, Families, And...

Abstract: Cell phones use has become the norm of the day with almost everyone having the ability to access a mobile phone. The cell phones pose great danger to the users as well as the society in general. The radioactive frequencies emitted by cell phones exposes the user to the risks of suffering from cancers such as brain tumors and breast cancers in women. The society is also affected as the use of cell phones has impacts in individual, families and the society in general. Dangers of cell phones: Introduction: A mobile phone/cell phone is a gadget that can receive and make telephone calls using while moving around a wide geographical area (Burgess, 2004). The first cellular phone was developed by Motorola in 1983. These phones were heavy and used a lot of power; hence there was a need to develop a smaller and portable cell phone. Over years, these cell phones have been developed to the current hi-tech phones we have today. Cell phones offer a wide range of services other than calling and receiving calls such as; text messaging, MMS, email and internet access. Other services include short-range wireless communication (Bluetooth and infrared), gaming, business application and photography (George, 2002). Other phones known as Smartphones that can offer these services and more general computing capabilities are widely available in the market. Unlike the initial high prices for mobile (the first mobile phone retailed for nearly 4,000 dollars) nowadays cell phone3sShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Cell Phones On Society1509 Words   |  7 PagesImpacts of Cellphones use in Society Advancements in technology have resulted in the invention of devices and machines that increase the efficiency and quality of life. Notably, the design of the cellphone and the internet highlights the latest technology that captivates both young and old. Mobile phones have become an integral part of our society. Primarily, the development of cellphones which combine different sophisticated features has made the device one of the necessities of life. So far, statisticsRead MoreHow Cell Phones Changed Us Socially1503 Words   |  7 PagesHow Cell Phones Changed Us Socially Having a cell phone is very convenient and helpful most of the time. They are great for emergencies, but not everyone knows of the potential negative impacts these phones have on our lives. In the past several years there have been numerous studies looking into the problems, which cell phone cause. This paper will show how the cell phone has had a dynamic impact on social interactions in today’s society. First it will show the point of having a cellular phoneRead MoreSmartphones And Its Effect On Our Society1353 Words   |  6 Pagesof smartphones have become a norm in our society and its capabilities are evolving every year. The smartphones today are more powerful than some of the computers that were made a decade ago. The use of these phones have made an imprint on today’s social behaviors, for example, students take pictures of the teachers lecture notes, and can do research with just a few swipes on their mobile phones. With so many of these smart devices in use in our society there should be more examination on safetyRead MoreA Life Threatening Habit : Using Drugs And Alcohol1665 Words   |  7 PagesUsing a cell phone may be equivalent to using drugs and alcohol. Addiction to cell phones is a worldwide problem. There are many negative effects that tee nagers do not know and that will cause harm in long term usage. For some, using their cell phone is a way out of reality and an escape from the outer lives. Social media is becoming more popular every year which is attracting younger kids. The cell phone is a trap to the next generation and will create problems for teenagers. In today s society, cellRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Communication955 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology has changed the way individuals communicate and limits the number of face-to-face conversations. Technology affects the way individuals keep in contact with one another and it has taken over people’s lives. People have become more dependent on technology to function every day, and without it, their lives are incomplete. However, technology does not negatively affect communication in some circumstances. Miscommunication, emotional intelligence, and information technology are key characteristicsRead MoreCellular Devices Have Evolved Through The A ges939 Words   |  4 PagesCell Phone Overdose Cellular devices have evolved through the ages. The world twenty years ago simply had home phones in every household and a telephone booth at every street corner. The developing technology of cell phones has created a society in which nearly everyone today possesses their own individual phone. People may ask, is this rapid change creating a positive or negative impact on our society? Most Americans would respond quickly by saying â€Å"positive.† This is correct to a certain degreeRead MoreCell Phone Effect on Society1526 Words   |  7 PagesClass Date Title How often do we see some people in society now a days on their phones? Whether this be to someone checking their Facebook or just messaging their friends to let them know where they are. How often could you witness to how they could cause accidents such as not paying attention when crossing the road, crime such as the increase in phones being stolen, or car accidents in the split second in which one is looking down at their phone rather than paying attention to what is on the roadRead MoreNegative Cell Phones1430 Words   |  6 Pagesday and age, cell phones are becoming more popular and advanced. The problem is some believe cell phones are a bad influence on society. Although some of their claims are true, I believe cell phones benefit the world more than they harm it. Not only do cell phones allow us to communicate with others with the touch of a button, but they allow us to have direct access to the extensive library of information housed on the internet. Technology is continuous ly shaping and forming society making everyRead MoreThe Impact Of Cell Phones On Health1551 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Cell Phones on Health The invention of the cell phone and newer â€Å"smart† technology has brought about many positive uses and entertainment. But there are many downsides that aren’t as obvious. Cell phones, no matter how useful, still pose many hazards to our health such as: distracting us from other tasks and affecting our bodies. The everyday use of cell phones has many negative effects on individuals and society. Cell phones affect people in many physical ways. There have been manyRead Morecell phones: how have they changed us socially927 Words   |  4 Pages Cell phones: How Have They Changed Us Socially? Introduction Thesis Statement: Cell phones have socially changed our lifestyle and have greatly influenced our lives. Alternatively referred to as a cell, cellular, and cellular phone, a cell phone, which is also sometimes abbreviated as â€Å"cp† is a mobile phone or portable phone that enables a user to communicate almost anywhere in the world. The cell phone was invented by Dr. Martin Cooper who led a team of developers at Motorola and made

Global Communication Gap Analysis - 1551 Words

Running head: GAP ANALYSIS: GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS Gap Analysis: Global Communications Your name here University of Phoenix Gap Analysis: Global Communications Global Communications is a telecommunications company facing a changing market and increased competition. The leadership team has come up with a plan to outsource some call centers to other countries and create an alliance with a satellite company to provide additional services to their customers. In order to compete in the international market, Global must cut costs by outsourcing, however their employees belong to a trade union. This creates a problem in that Global has not included the union in their discussions. This could have legal ramifications as well as†¦show more content†¦This is at odds because again the bottom line for the company is to make money and those profits would be reduced if their plan had to be approved by the union first. The employees right is to have honest communication from their managers, however, if they are made aware of these changes too early, it could result in a loss of employees that are crucial to the success of Global Communications. The management team values leadership while the union and the employees value respect commitment and integrity. In this situation, the leadership as handled by the Global team has not shown commitment and integrity to the employees, as they would like to see it exhibited but rather to be committed to profitability. End-State Vision Global Communications becomes the leader in telecommunications delivery on a global front by retaining the most talented employees with handsome retention packages, thereby increasing trust in the company and it s employees. The union negotiates a fair compensation settlement for employees who lose their jobs and the company officials are able to communicate the proposed plan in a way that minimizes negative publicity. 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Leadership Styles and Their Effect on Organizational Productivity

Question: Describe about the Leadership Styles and Their Effect on Organizational Productivity. Answer: Project context: Future profession: The selection of future profession is crucial for the effective development of professional career. It actually help to direct people to focus on the areas where they need to improve for developing proper professional career. Now, I want to hold a management position in the engineering domain to a reputed organization. As per the article by Simonet and Tett (2013), engineering is among the most dynamic job role that can create major impact on the overall revenue level of the organizations. For that reason, organizations often look to develop specific engineering team so that all the critical activities can fulfilled in an appropriate manner. Furthermore, as organizations are looking to enhance its reach in the global market, engineering professionals has to deal with several challenges associated with differences in culture and values. Thus, it is extremely challenging profession that require continues improvement. Otherwise, it will be very difficult for any individuals to fulfil al l the responsibilities in an appropriate way (Gillies, 2013). For that reason, I believe selecting engineering management as future profession will help me to grow in both personal and professional aspects. Critical review of Become a professional in the engineering management domain: As per the article by Reeve, Sacks and Rottmann (2015) professionals need to have high ethical standards and also need to have superior level of knowledge regarding the responsibilities. Now, becoming professional in the engineering management domain requires superior level of practical knowledge and experience of different critical situations. Otherwise, it will be very difficult for any individuals to provide effective guidance to the fellow employees. Now, mechanical engineers will have to perform several complex tasks on a daily basis for fulfilling all the provided responsibilities in an appropriate way. Therefore, as an engineering manager, it is necessary to demonstrate supportive attitudes towards the employees so that they can able to give their best at the workplace (MacIntyre, 2016). In addition, man management is another important aspect that any engineering manager needs to perform for keeping talents associated with organizations for a long period of time. As per the article by Lampinen (2015) as an engineering manager, it is necessary to provide effective support to the employees so that they can able to create work-life balance in an appropriate way. Thus, it is necessary for the engineering managers to have in-depth knowledge and supportive attitudes so that employees can feel motivated towards the responsibilities of the organization. Manager in the engineering domain also needs to develop strong communication with other departments so that the entire provided responsibilities can fulfilled in an appropriate manner. Furthermore, as a professional, engineering managers needs to focus on the effective development of communication skills both with junior and senior level employees. Otherwise, entire process will not create desired impact for the effectiveness of the organizational operational procedure. In addition, engineering management professionals need to have effective project management skills so that the entire operational pro cess of a complex project can be communicated to the senior management level. It is also necessary for the engineering management professionals to estimate the kind of revenue an organization will able to achieve after successful completion of any engineering projects. Project proposal: Background and research issue: Leadership is an extremely important aspect that organizations try to develop for fulfilling all the responsibilities of the operational process in an appropriate manner. Proper utilization of leadership allows organizations to schedule or plan different responsibilities of the organizations that eventually help to achieve sustainable growth in the market. Now, mechanical engineering department has to deal with several complex and difficult responsibilities for fulfilling all the requirements of the operational process. For that reason, employees working in the mechanical engineering department require expert support or guidance from the senior management. Otherwise, the entire productivity of the department might be reduced largely. Research aim: The research study focuses to deal with the impact of effective leadership on the overall productivity of a mechanical engineering department of an organization. Research objectives: The research study has focused on the following objectives: To analyze the extent to which effective leadership can have impact on the effectiveness of the engineering department To highlight the benefit level that appropriate utilization of leadership style can have on the engineering department Research questions: The research questions are as follows: What is the outcome of implementing effective leadership style on engineering department? How the appropriate utilization of leadership style is enhancing the performance level of engineering department? Literature review: As highlighted by Bryman (2013) effective utilization of leadership style is necessary for fulfilling complex business responsibilities of the engineering department. However, there are no specific guidelines for the organizations for the appropriate utilization of leadership structure. For that reason, organizations look implement innovative leadership style, which is likely to suit present work culture. Now, handling multiple and complex requirements at the same time is one of the prime responsibilities of mechanical engineers (Hall, 2013). Therefore, they often require expert help from the senior management of the organization. For that reason, organizations focus on recruiting senior personnel with superior knowledge for the engineering department. However, Storey (2016) has highlighted the fact that leaders in workplace need to have few more additional skills apart from the knowledge of the operational process. For instance, employee management is among the prime skills that lea ders in the engineering department need to have for fulfilling all the requirements in an appropriate manner. As mechanical engineers have to perform several complex responsibilities as a team, it has to face different conflicts among the employees within the team (Jian Fairhurst, 2016). Therefore, leaders of the engineering department need to handle the employees in such a way so that all the employees can able to work towards single organizational objectives. Hogg, Van Knippenberg and Rast (2012) have highlighted different leadership styles like autocratic, democratic and transformational that organizations utilize for fulfilling all the requirements of the operational process. Now, engineering department often requires combinational efforts from different level of employees. Therefore, it is necessary for the organizations to focus more on the democratic leadership approach so that employees feel motivated towards their responsibilities. Furthermore, Hargreaves, Boyle Harris (2014) have highlighted that leaders need to have influential skills for handling a group of skilful individuals in such a way so that all the objectives of the organizations fulfilled in an appropriate manner. Thus, charismatic attributes can have major impact on the overall productivity of the organization. On the other hand, Tung (2014) has mentioned that leaders need to have superior quality of communication skills so that they can able to share all the informat ion about the roles and responsibilities of the employees in a detailed way. As a result, it will reduce any possibility of confusion at the workplace, which also will help to increase overall productivity of the organizations. Literature gap: The above discussion has highlighted the fact that organizations need to focus on several factors for enhancing the productivity in a major way. However, there is no specific way provided for the organizations that can help to maintain the productivity at the optimum level. Thus, it highlighted the significance of research study, as it looks to provide clear picture regarding the impact of leadership style on organizational productivity. Research methodology: As per the article by Mackey and Gass (2015), selection of research methodology is crucial for fulfilling all the research objectives in an appropriate manner. Proper selection of methodology allows research study to focus on the systematic implementation of the procedures so that it can be completed within the provided timeframe. Now, research philosophy, research design and research approach plays a significant role to direct the research study to its desired destination. For instance, research philosophy will help to enhance the quality of the collected information regarding the impact level of leadership on overall productivity of the organization. Positivism, realism and interpretivism are the type of research philosophy that research studies utilize for successful fulfilment of the entire objectives (Silverman, 2016). In this study, the focus will on the positivism philosophy, as it will help to collect in-depth information about the research topic. On the other hand, deductive and inductive are the two most popular research approaches that research studies utilize for successful fulfilment of all the objectives. In order to evaluate the impact of leadership on organizational productivity, deductive approach would be selected, as it will allow the study to include various types of theories related to the topic. Therefore, it will help to add value to the entire outcome of the research study. On the other hand, explanatory, exploratory and descriptive are the type of research design that studies utilize for fulfilling the research objective (Flick, 2015). In this study, focus would be provided on descriptive research design, as it will help to include close analysis for fulfilling the research objective. Now, in order to evaluate the impact of leadership on organizational productivity, the research study would consider both secondary and primary data collection technique. The study would consider different journals, newspapers, business magazines and trusted websites for capturing in-depth secondary information. In addition, the study will also focus on primary data collection technique to capture practical information. The study would consider both quantitative and qualitative research technique for the appropriate collection of primary data. Online survey technique would be considered for quantitative data collection process whereas qualitative data would be collected through face-to-face conversation. The study would consider 35 executive level mechanical engineers for the collection of quantitative data whereas 5 engineering department managers would be selected for capturing in-depth qualitative information about the research topic. Expected outcomes: From the above discussion, it can be assessed that the research study will highlight the significance of effective utilization of leadership of the organizational structure. It is expected that the research study will highlight effective development of leadership is necessary for encouraging engineers to give their best for the appropriate fulfilment of the organizational responsibilities. Thus, the research study is likely to highlight that leadership does have major impact on the overall productivity of the organizations. References: Bryman, A. (Ed.). (2013).Leadership and organizations. Routledge. Flick, U. (2015). Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Gillies, D. (2013). Educational leadership and Michel Foucault: Critical studies in educational leadership, management and administration. Educational Leadership and Michel Foucault: Abingdon: Routledge. Hall, D. S. (2013, January). LEADERSHIP: THEORIES, STYLES AND VISIONING. In NAAAS Conference Proceedings (p. 36). National Association of African American Studies. Hargreaves, A., Boyle, A., Harris, A. (2014).Uplifting leadership: How organizations, teams, and communities raise performance. John Wiley Sons. Hogg, M. A., Van Knippenberg, D., Rast, D. E. (2012). Intergroup leadership in organizations: Leading across group and organizational boundaries.Academy of Management Review,37(2), 232-255. Jian, G., Fairhurst, G. T. (2016). Leadership in Organizations.The International Encyclopedia of Organizational Communication. Lampinen, J. W. (2015, January). EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP OF CONTINGENT ENGINEERING WORKERS. In Proceedings of the International Annual Conference of the American Society for Engineering Management. (p. 1). American Society for Engineering Management (ASEM). MacIntyre, P. (2016). Advancing Leaders in Engineering: Ways of Learning Leadership. Transformative Dialogues: Teaching Learning Journal, 8(3). Mackey, A., Gass, S. M. (2015). Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge. Reeve, D., Sacks, R., Rottmann, C. (2015). A RESPONSIBILITY TO PROMOTE LEADERSHIP: ENGINEERING ENTREPRENEURS SPEAK BACK TO RESISTANCE. Proceedings of the Canadian Engineering Education Association. Silverman, D. (Ed.). (2016). Qualitative research. Sage. Simonet, D. V., Tett, R. P. (2013). Five Perspectives on the LeadershipManagement Relationship A Competency-Based Evaluation and Integration. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 20(2), 199-213. Storey, J. (Ed.). (2016).Leadership in Organizations: Current Issues and Key Trends. Routledge. Tung, R. (2014). Requisites to and ways of developing a global mind-set: implications for research on leadership and organizations.Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies,21(4), 229-337.